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THE SCENARIO OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
In previous chapters, we saw that there are no mechanisms in nature to
lead the living beings to evolve and that living species came into existence
not as the result of an evolutionary process, but rather emerged all of
a sudden in their present perfect structure. That is, they were created
individually. Therefore, it is obvious that "human evolution", too, is
a story that has never taken place. What, then, do the evolutionists propose
as the basis for this story?According to the claims of the theory of evolution,
men and modern apes have common ancestors. These creatures evolved in
time and some of them became the apes of today while another group that
followed another branch of evolution became the men of today.
Evolutionists call the so-called first common ancestors of men and apes
"Australopithecus" which means "South African ape". Australopithecus,
nothing but an old ape species that has become extinct, has various types.
Some of them are robust while others are small and slight.
Evolutionists classify the next stage of human evolution as "Homo", that
is "man". According to the evolutionist claim, the living beings in the
Homo series are more developed than Australopithecus, and not very much
different from modern man. The modern man of our day, Homo sapiens, is
said to have formed at the latest stage of the evolution of this species.
The fact of the matter is that the beings called Australopithecus in
this imaginary scenario fabricated by evolutionists are in fact apes that
became extinct, and the beings in the Homo series are members of various
human races that lived in the past and then disappeared. Evolutionists
arranged various ape and human fossils in an order from the smallest to
the biggest in order to form a "human evolution" scheme. Research, however,
has demonstrated that these fossils by no means imply an evolutionary
process and some of these alleged ancestors of man were real apes whereas
some of them were real humans.
Now, let us have a look at Australopithecus, which represents to evolutionists
the first stage of the scheme of human evolution.
Australopithecus: Extinct Apes
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AUSTRALOPITHECUS-CHIMPANZEE RESEMBLANCE
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The great similarity between Australopithecus
(left) and Chimpanzee (right) skulls clearly indicate that Australopithecus,
the alleged ancestor of man, is in reality only an ape species.
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Evolutionists claim that Australopithecus are the most primitive ancestors
of modern men. These are an old species with a head and skull structure
similar to that of modern apes, yet with a smaller cranial capacity. According
to the claims of evolutionists, these creatures have a very important
feature that authenticates them as the ancestors of men: bipedalism.
The movements of apes and men are completely different. Human beings
are the only living creatures that move freely about on two feet. Some
other animals do have a limited ability to move in this way, but those
that do have bent skeletons.
According to evolutionists, these living beings called Australopithecus
had the ability to walk in a bent rather than an upright posture like
human beings. Even this limited bipedal stride was sufficient to encourage
evolutionists to project onto these creatures that they were the ancestors
of man.
However, the first evidence refuting the allegations of evolutionists
that Australopithecus were bipedal came from evolutionists themselves.
Detailed studies made on Australopithecus fossils forced even evolutionists
to admit that these looked "too" ape-like. Having conducted detailed anatomical
research on Australopithecus fossils in the mid-1970s, Charles E. Oxnard
likened the skeletal structure of Australopithecus to that of modern orang-utans:
An important part of today's conventional wisdom about
human evolution is based on studies of teeth, jaws and skull fragments
of australopithecine fossils. These all indicate that the close relation
of the australopithecine to the human lineage may not be true. All these
fossils are different from gorillas, chimpanzees and men. Studied as a
group, the australopithecine seems more like the orang-utan.50
What really embarrassed evolutionists was the discovery that Austra-lopithecus
could not have walked on two feet and with a bent posture. It would have
been physically very ineffective for Australopithecus, allegedly bipedal
but with a bent stride, to move about in such a way because of the enormous
energy demands it would have entailed. By means of computer simulations
conducted in 1996, the English paleoanthropologist Robin Crompton also
demonstrated that such a "compound" stride was impossible. Crompton reached
the following conclusion: a living being can walk either upright or on
all fours. A type of in-between stride cannot be sustained for long periods
because of the extreme energy consumption. This means that Australopithecus
could not have been bipedal and also have a bent walking posture.
Probably the most important study demonstrating that Australopithecus
could not have been bipedal came in 1994 from the research anatomist Fred
Spoor and his team in the Department of Human Anatomy and Cellular Biology
at the University of Liverpool, England. This group conducted studies
on the bipedalism of fossilised living beings. Their research investigated
the involuntary balance mechanism found in the cochlea of the ear, and
the findings showed conclusively that Australopithecus could not have
been bipedal. This precluded any claims that Australopithecus was
human-like.
The Homo Series: Real Human Beings
The next step in the imaginary human evolution scheme is "Homo", that
is, the human series. These living beings are humans who are no different
from modern men, yet who have some racial differences. Seeking to exaggerate
these differences, evolutionists represent these people not as a "race"
of modern man but as a different "species". However, as we will soon see,
the people in the Homo series are nothing but ordinary human racial types.
Turkana Boy fossil that belonged to the Homo erectus race; almost
indistinguishable from us. |
According to the fanciful scheme of evolutionists, the internal imaginary
evolution of the Homo species is as follows: First Homo erectus, then
Homo sapiens archaic and Neanderthal Man, later Cro-Magnon Man and finally
modern man.
Despite the claims of evolutionists to the contrary, all the "species"
we have enumerated above are nothing but genuine human beings. Let us
first examine Homo erectus, who evolutionists refer to as the most primitive
human species.
The most striking evidence showing that Homo erectus is not a "primitive"
species is the fossil of "Turkana Boy", one of the oldest Homo erectus
remains. It is estimated that the fossil was of a 12-year-old boy, who
would have been 1.83 meters tall in his adolescence. The upright skeletal
structure of the fossil is no different from that of modern man. Its tall
and slender skeletal structure totally complies with that of the people
living in tropical regions in our day. This fossil is one of the most
important pieces of evidence that Homo erectus is simply another specimen
of the modern human race. Evolutionist paleontologist Richard Leakey compares
Homo erectus and modern man as follows:
One would also see differences in the shape of the
skull, in the degree of protrusion of the face, the robustness of the
brows and so on. These differences are probably no more pronounced
than we see today between the separate geographical races of modern humans.
Such biological variation arises when populations are geographically
separated from each other for significant lengths of time.51
Leakey means to say that the difference between Homo erectus and us is
no more than the difference between Negroes and Eskimos. The cranial features
of Homo erectus resulted from their manner of feeding, and genetic emigration
and from their not assimilating with other human races for a lengthy period.
Another strong piece of evidence that Homo erectus is not
a "primitive" species is that fossils of this species have been unearthed
aged twenty-seven thousand years and even thirteen thousand years. According
to an article published in Time - which is not a scientific periodical,
but nevertheless had a sweeping effect on the world of science - Homo
erectus fossils aged twenty-seven thousand years were found on the island
of Java. In the Kow swamp in Australia, some thirteen thousand year-old
fossils were found that bore Homo Sapiens-Homo Erectus characteristics.
All these fossils demonstrate that Homo erectus continued living up to
times very close to our day and were nothing but a human race that has
since been buried in history.
| MARINE ENGINEERS AGED 700 THOUSAND
YEARS |
ANCIENT
MARINERS
"Early humans were much smarter than we suspected..."
News published in New Scientist on March 14th 1998 tells us that
the humans called Homo Erectus by evolutionists were practicing
seamanship 700 thousand years ago. These humans, who had enough
knowledge and technology to build a vessel and posess a culture
that made use of sea transport can hardly be called "primitive".
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Archaic Homo Sapiens and Neanderthal Man
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A NEEDLE
26 THOUSAND YEARS OLD
An interesting fossil showing that the Neanderthals had knowledge
of clothing: A needle 26 thousand years old. (D. Johanson, B. Edgar
From Lucy to Language, p.99) |
FALSE MASKS
Although no different from modern man, Neanderthals are still depicted
as ape-like by evolutionists. |
Archaic Homo sapiens is the immediate forerunner of contemporary man
in the imaginary evolutionary scheme. In fact, evolutionists do not have
much to say about these men, as there are only minor differences between
them and modern men. Some researchers even state that representatives
of this race are still living today, and point to the Aborigines in Australia
as an example. Like Homo sapiens, the Aborigines also have thick protruding
eyebrows, an inward-inclined mandibular structure, and a slightly smaller
cranial volume. Moreover, significant discoveries have been made hinting
that such people lived in Hungary and in some villages in Italy until
not very long ago.
Evolutionists point to human fossils unearthed in the Neander valley
of Holland which have been named Neanderthal Man. Many contemporary researchers
define Neanderthal Man as a sub-species of modern man and call it "Homo
sapiens neandertalensis". It is definite that this race lived together
with modern humans, at the same time and in the same areas. The findings
testify that Neanderthals buried their dead, fashioned musical instruments,
and had cultural affinities with the Homo sapiens sapiens living during
the same period. Entirely modern skulls and skeletal structures of Neanderthal
fossils are not open to any speculation. A prominent authority on the
subject, Erik Trinkaus from New Mexico University writes:
Detailed comparisons of Neanderthal skeletal remains
with those of modern humans have shown that there is nothing in Neanderthal
anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual,
or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans.52
To put it precisely, Neanderthals are a particular human race that assimilated
with other races in time.
All of these factors show that the scenario of "human evolution" fabricated
by evolutionists is a figment of their imaginations, and that men have
always been men and apes always apes.
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